Linux LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 國際認可證書課程

隨著電腦技術及網絡的高速發展，現時商業對內及對外的運作大都是通過不同的電腦網絡服務去進行。為了應付大量的服務，如何有效的利用電腦資源便顯得愈來愈多重要。

虛擬技術（Virtualization）是一種電腦資源管理技術。它能將一台電腦上的各種實體資源（CPU、記憶體、磁盤空間 等等），予以分割再組合為多個虛擬電腦環境。用戶可以在每個虛擬電腦環境上安裝不同的作業系統或服務軟件，從而使電腦資源得到更有效的運用。

另外，現今雲端的服務大都是通過虛擬技術提供。因此了解虛擬技術，可以令你對使用雲端服務時有一定程度的幫助。

LPI 全名是 Linux Professional Institute，是一個來自加拿大的非牟利 Linux 專業團體。由於 LPI 的考試費用較為合理，考試制度及內容亦較齊全，所以 LPI 的考試制度會比其他 Linux 考試制度更適合香港的實際環境，而我們亦預計會有越來越多人選擇考 LPI 的考試。

LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 認證的內容包括兩種不同類型的虛擬技術：Hardware-based virtualization 及 Container-based virtualization。

這兩種虛擬技術分別是使用完全不同的背景技術去建立虛擬電腦環境，因此各有不同的優點及缺點。本課程除了詳細分析這兩種類型虛擬技術的原理及技術外，也會利用不同的新舊開源免費軟件如 KVM/QEMU, Xen, LXC 及 Docker 等去示範如何應用這兩種類型的虛擬技術。

此外，市面上也有不同的開源免費工具方便使用者去管理上述軟件所建立的虛擬電腦環境。除了會簡單介紹一些知名的工具外，本課程也會示範如何使用如 Libvirt、Vagrant、cloud-init、Packer 等管理工具。

本課程的部份示範更會配以可在家中進行之實習，從而令學員加深對不同技術的了解及基本設置的方法。修畢本課程後，學員可考取 LPI Level 3 (LPIC-3) Virtualization and Containerization 國際認可證書。

本課程籌備多時，精心編排。由上堂、溫習、實習、做試題、考試研習至最後考試，均為你度身訂造，作出有系統的編排。務求真正教識你，又令你考試及格。

1. About Virtualization
1.1 Overview
1.2 Virtualization in Cloud Platform
1.2.1 Cloud Overview
1.2.2 Cloud Service Models

2. Full Virtualization
2.1 Hypervisor
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Types of Hypervisor
`2.2 Virtual Hardware in a VM
2.2.1 Virtual CPU (vCPU)
2.2.2 Virtual RAM Memory
2.2.3 Virtual Disk Storage
2.2.4 Virtual Network Interface Card (vNIC)
2.2.5 Other Devices
2.3 Ways for Creating Virtual Machines
2.3.1 Standard Installation
2.3.2 Through a Template or OVA / OVF File
2.3.3 Through Conversion / Migration
2.4 Paravirtualization (半虛擬化)

3. KVM and QEMU
3.1 Overview
3.2 Installing the Basic Packages for using KVM
3.3 Creating a VM in KVM:
3.4 Brief Notes about CPU Virtualization Extension in the Host
3.5 Common Types of Virtual Network
3.5.1 QEMU User Mode Networking
3.5.2 Linux Bridge and TAP Interfaces
3.6 QEMU Monitor
3.6.1 Overview
3.6.2 An Example of Using QEMU Monitor
3.7 Using Paravirtualized I/O Devices in KVM
3.7.1 Virtio
3.7.2 Brief Notes about Direct Kernel Boot
3.8 Managing Disk Image File
3.8.1 Disk Image Formats
3.8.2 Converting Image Formats
3.8.3 Managing Snapshots in a qcow2 Disk Image

4. Libvirt
4.1 Overview
4.2 Installing Libvirt
4.3 Create a VM with virt-install
4.4 Importing / Cloning / Migrating VM
4.4.1 Importing VM from an Existing Disk Image
4.4.2 Cloning an Existing VM
4.4.3 Migrating a VM from Another Host
4.5 Networking in Libvirt
4.5.1 Enabling Serial Console and Examining Characteristics of Network “default”
4.5.2 Configuring Fixed IP Address for a VM
4.5.3 Brief Notes About Network Filters
4.6 Creating and Managing Networks
4.6.1 Creating a New Network
4.6.2 Configure a VM to use the New Network
4.6.3 Destroying and Undefining a Network
4.7 Managing Block Devices in a VM
4.7.1 Changing CD/DVD Drive Media
4.7.2 Hot Plugging Block Device
4.8 Creating and Restoring Snapshots
4.9 Other SubCommands for Managing VMs
4.9.1 save and restore
4.9.2 suspend and resume
4.9.3 reboot and reset
4.9.4 autostart
4.10 Daemons for Libvirt
4.10.1 libvirtd
4.10.2 systemd-machined
4.11 Tools for Managing Disk Images
4.11.1 Overview
4.11.2 Examples for using tools from libguestfs
4.11.3 More Examples of using Guestfish Shell (參考章節)

5. XEN
5.1 Background
5.2 Xen Overview
5.2.1 Dom0 / Domain0
5.2.2 VM Modes
5.2.3 Accessing VM’s Console / Terminal
5.2.4 Networking
5.3 Installing Xen
5.3.1 BootLoader Settings Before Xen Installation
5.3.2 Xen Installation Steps
5.3.3 BootLoader Settings After installation
5.3.4 Creating a Linux Bridge
5.4 Basic Configuration Files and Commands
5.4.1 /etc/xen/xl.conf
5.4.2 Configuration files for VM (i.e. DomU)
5.4.3 xl info
5.4.4 xl dmesg
5.4.5 xl list
5.4.6 xenstore-ls
5.4.7 xentop / xl top
5.4.8 Other Sub-Commands of xl
5.5 Creating and Managing an HVM DomU
5.5.1 Preparation
5.5.2 Create an HVM DomU and Install a Guest OS
5.5.3 Making Console Access and Examining Information in the Guest OS
5.5.4 Information of DomU gathered in the Host
5.5.5 Managing Block Devices in DomU
5.5.6 Shutting Down a DomU
5.5.7 Starting a DomU with Console Access

6. Container Virtualization
6.1 Overview
6.2 Linux Namespaces
6.2.1 About Namespaces
6.2.2 PID Namespace
6.2.3 Mount Namespace
6.2.4 Network Namespace
6.2.5 UTS Namespace
6.2.6 Time Namespace
6.2.7 User Namespace
6.2.8 IPC Namespace
6.2.9 Cgroup Namespace
6.3 Control Groups (Cgroups)
6.4 Secomp
6.5 Capabilities
6.6 History and Types of Containers
6.6.1 Brief History
6.6.2 System Container
6.6.3 Application Containers

7. Docker
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Installing Docker
7.3 Creating a Container running Web Server
7.4 Configuration Settings and Logging
7.4.1 Image Configuration
7.4.2 Container Configuration
7.4.3 Container Logging
7.5 Examining Namespace / Cgroup / Capabilites
7.6 Committing a Custom Image
7.7 Volumes
7.8 Creating a Custom Container / Image from a Base Image
7.9 Dockerfile
7.10 Notes about Docker’s Networks
7.10.1 The Default Network “bridge”
7.10.2 Creating a Custom Network
7.10.3 Creating a Custom Network with Custom IP Subnet / Range
7.10.4 Removing a Custom Network
7.11 Introduction to Docker Compose and Docker Swarm
7.11.1 Docker Compose
7.11.2 Docker Swarm
7.12 Components for Managing Containers
7.12.1 Overview
7.12.2 More about containerd
7.12.3 More about runc

8. LXC and LXD
8.1 LXC
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Installing LXC
8.1.3 Create a Simple Container
8.1.4 Configuration Settings and Files for a Container
8.1.5 Namespaces, Cgroup and Capabilities for a Container
8.1.6 Networking for Containers
8.1.7 Snapshots
8.1.8 Other LXC’s commands
8.2 LXD
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Installing LXD
8.2.3 Creating a Container with LXD
8.2.4 Configuration Settings of a Container
8.2.5 Profiles
8.2.6 Namespaces, Cgroup and Capabilities for a Container
8.2.7 Networking
8.2.8 Creating / Managing Images
8.2.9 Copying / Backing up Containers
8.2.10 Snapshots
8.2.11 Commonly Used lxc SubCommands
8.2.12 lxd SubCommands

9. Tools for Provision / Deployment / Orchestration
9.1 Packer
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Installing Packer
9.1.3 Packer Template File
9.1.4 Example for using Packer
9.2 Cloud-init
9.2.1 Overview
9.2.2 Cloud-init Configuration Files and Services
9.2.3 Cloud Images
9.2.4 Configuration
9.2.5 Example of Using Cloud-init
9.3 Vagrant
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 Configuration Settings
9.3.3 Example of Installing and Using Vagrant
9.4 Other Configuration / Orchestration Tools
9.4.1 Openstack
9.4.2 CloudStack
9.4.3 OpenNebula
9.4.4 Proxmox
9.4.5 Terraform
9.4.6 Eucalyptus
9.4.7 oVirt
9.4.8 Kubernetes

Appendix 1 : Basic Setup for Exercises in this Course
1.1 Downloading and Installing VMware Workstation Player
1.2 Download CentOS and Install it in a VM
1.3 Cloning a CentOS VM for our Exercise
1.4 Installing VNC Client Program in your Windows PC

Appendix 2 : QEMU: Add/Delete Device and Other Forms of Snapshots
1.1 Add / Delete Device in QEMU Monitor
1.2 External Snapshots

Appendix 3 : Migrating VM with Libvirt
1.1 Performing Live Migration of the VM “vm1”
1.1.1 Preparing the Target Host
1.1.2 Preparing the Source Host and the Migrating VM
1.1.3 Migration the running VM “vm1”
1.1.4 Examining the Migrated VM

Appendix 4 : Using cloud-init in KVM
1.1 Preparing User Data
1.2 Downloading Cloud Images
1.3 Example of Creating a VM using cloud-init
1.3.1 Creating a VM using CentOS Stream 9 Cloud Image
1.3.2 Creating a VM using Ubuntu 22 Cloud Image
1.4 Using a Cloud Image without cloud-init